David,
The firing order is just that, the order in which each plug is fired. There is no guessing about it. It is what it is. As stated in previous posts, you can start anywhere you want, but the order will be the same.
This is where a manual comes in handy.
All standard rotation Chrysler V-8s since the early sixties have the same firing order 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2. It doesn't matter if it is a big block or small block, if it is a V-8, that is the proper firing order. That is the order that the plugs are fired via the rotation of the rotor. It always starts at one and at top dead center, if done properly. Most Chevrolet's share this same pattern. There are some newer Chevy's that have the 4 and 7 swapped for racing applications, but, in general, it is the same as a Chrysler.
The reason it is done this way s so that after everything is hooked up, you can turn the distributor in order to set the proper timing. If you were to "Willy nilly" pick a spot and call it the number one, then put your wires on, when you go to set the timing, you may find out that the distributor will only move a few degrees before either the retaining clip or the vacuum advance housing makes contact with something, usually the cylinder head.
If you follow the sequence on the firing thread, all will be fine.
I don't know the history of your vessel and from what I can gather, neither do you. You also stated that you weren't very familiar with the engines. That is fine. Everyone has to start somewhere!
The first thing you need to do is find out what motors you have. From the pictures, you have some type of big block Chrysler. Eventually, you will find the casting numbers and know exactly what size. You now also know the firing order, distributor rotation and a majority of the ignition system. That is the hardest part. As for timing the motor, you want to make sure everything else is correct. The motor should start right up. If it is hard starting, there may be other problems, poor coil output, improperly adjusted points, etc.
It is not wise to try and make a poor running motor run good without fixing the underlying problems first. As it says in the manual "Serious engine damage may result".
And for the truly wild and bizarre, the Ford firing orders:
w**.moddedmustangs.com/reference/firing-orders.php